Interesting Gadolinium Element Facts

Gadolinium is one of the light rare earth elements belonging to the lanthanide series. Here are some interesting facts about this metal: Gadolinium is silvery, malleable, ductile metal with a metallic sheen. It is fluorescent and tends to have a faintly yellowish tint.Gadolinium, like other rare earths, is not found in pure form in nature. The primary source of the element is the mineral gadolinite. It is also found in other rare earth ores, such as monazite and bastnasite.At low temperatures, gadolinium is more ferromagnetic than iron.Gadolinium has superconductive properties.Gadolinium is magnetocaloric, which means its temperature increases when it is placed in a magnetic field and decreases when it is removed from the field.Lecoq de Boisbaudran separated gadolinium from its oxide in 1886. He named the element for  Finnish Chemist Johan Gadolin, the discoverer of the first rare earth element.French chemist and engineer  Felix Trombe was the first to purify gadolinium in 1935.Gadolinium has the highest thermal neutron cross section of all the elements.Gadolinium is used in nuclear reactor control rods to regular fission.The element is injected into MRI patients to increase image contrast.Other uses of gadolinium include manufacture of certain iron and chromium alloys, computer chips and CDs, microwave ovens, and televisions.The pure metal is fairly stable in air, but tarnishes in moist air. It slowly reacts in water and dissolves in dilute acid. At high temperatures, gadolinium reacts with oxygen. Gadolinium Chemical and Physical Properties Element Name: GadoliniumAtomic Number: 64Symbol: GdAtomic Weight: 157.25Discovery: Jean de Marignac 1880 (Switzerland)Electron Configuration: [Xe] 4f7 5d1 6s2Element Classification: Rare Earth (Lanthanide)Word Origin: Named after the mineral gadolinite.Density (g/cc): 7.900Melting Point (K): 1586Boiling Point (K): 3539Appearance: soft, ductile, silvery-white metalAtomic Radius (pm): 179Atomic Volume (cc/mol): 19.9Covalent Radius (pm): 161Ionic Radius: 93.8 (3e)Specific Heat (20 °C J/g mol): 0.230Evaporation Heat (kJ/mol): 398Pauling Negativity Number: 1.20First Ionizing Energy (kJ/mol): 594.2Oxidation States: 3Lattice Structure: HexagonalLattice Constant (Ã…): 3.640Lattice C/A Ratio: 1.588 References Los Alamos National Laboratory (2001), Crescent Chemical Company (2001), Langes Handbook of Chemistry (1952), CRC Handbook of Chemistry Physics (18th Ed.)

Coca Cola Is A Carbonated Soft Drink - 1249 Words

Coca-Cola is a carbonated soft drink.[1] It is produced by The Coca-Cola Company of Atlanta, Georgia, and is often referred to simply as Coke (a registered trademark of The Coca-Cola Company in the United States since March 27, 1944). Originally intended as a patent medicine when it was invented in the late 19th century by John Pemberton, Coca-Cola was bought out by businessman Asa Griggs Candler, whose marketing tactics led Coke to its dominance of the world soft-drink market throughout the 20th century. The name refers to two of its original ingredients: kola nuts, a source of caffeine, and coca leaves. The current formula of Coca-Cola remains a trade secret, although a variety of reported recipes and experimental recreations have been published. The company produces concentrate, which is then sold to licensed Coca-Cola bottlers throughout the world. The bottlers, who hold territorially exclusive contracts with the company, produce finished product in cans and bottles from the concentrate in combination with filtered water and sweeteners. The bottlers then sell, distribute and merchandise Coca-Cola to retail stores, restaurants and vending machines. The Coca-Cola Company also sells concentrate for soda fountains to major restaurants and food service distributors. The Coca-Cola Company has, on occasion, introduced other cola drinks under the Coke brand name. The most common of these is Diet Coke, with others including Caffeine-Free Coca-Cola, Diet Coke Caffeine-Free,Show MoreRelatedCoca Cola And The Carbonated Soft Drink1674 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction Coca-Cola Company and PepsiCo are two industry leaders in the carbonated soft drink (CSD) industry and are strong rivals of each other in the world’s beverage market. From 1975 to the mid-1990s, both companies achieved a steady growth rate of 10% in terms of revenue. 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Indi The Battle Of The Bottle Continues Essay794 Words   |  4 PagesCASE: Coca-Cola vs. Pepsi in India: The Battle of the Bottle Continues Submitted by: Ankit Kumar Ritesh Budgujjar Simransheel Kaur 1. SUMMARY of the facts presented: Background of Industry †¢ Pepsi Co. Introduced in India in 1956 †¢ Pepsi withdrew from India in 1961 †¢ Coca-Cola withdrew from India in 1977 because of some political and regulatory reasons †¢ Local brand Parle had more than 60 % of market share †¢ Products of Parle: Thums-up, Gold-spot, Limca, Citra, Maaza and Frooti †¢Read MoreCoca Cola And The Market Strategy Essay1178 Words   |  5 PagesCoca-Cola has also experienced some frustrations in the market. In 2013, the company introduced a new brand called Coca-Cola Life; unfortunately, it is not more than a niche for now because of its vague marketing segmentation. In 2014, the per-capita consumption of soda products declined by 25% compared to 1994. In recent years, because some developing countries such as India and Brazil are suffering from volatile economic conditions, their consumers only have limited disposable income to purchase

Culture Essay Research Paper Reaction Paper on free essay sample

Culture Essay, Research Paper Reaction Paper on Culture, Personality, or Social Structure Article: Snyder, Eldon E. and Spreitzer, Elmer A. # 8220 ; Baseball in Japan. # 8221 ; Sport in Contemporary Society: An Anthology. Edited by D. Stanley Eitzen. New York: St. Martin # 8217 ; s Press, 1989, 46-49. Many things are affected by the civilization that they lye in. One thing that I chose to compose approximately is athleticss. Sports are greatly affected the civilization. A affair of fact, one athletics was invented because of different civilizations colliding. Soccer was played by civilizations for some diversion and leisure. Soccer evolved from one civilization suppressing another, and so playing with the skulls of the 1s they conquered. It is now evolved into the most popular athletics in the universe. In many South American states, association football is the most played athletics due to its popularity among its people. So the civilization of these states dictate what athleticss will be popular. We will write a custom essay sample on Culture Essay Research Paper Reaction Paper on or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page American football would non be a really popular athletics because it is non in their civilization to bask such a athletics. The article I chose to make was titled # 8220 ; Baseball in Japan, # 8221 ; written by Eldon E. Snyder and Elmer A. Spreitzer. First, these writers described that baseball was foremost introduced to some Tokyo University pupils by manner of their American professor in 187 ( pg. 46 ) . It is highly popular in Japan, particularly at the high school degree, where at one tourney it # 8220 ; stopping points ten yearss and draws about 500,000 witnesss in add-on to a countrywide telecasting audience # 8221 ; ( pg. 46 ) . A major feature of Nipponese civilization is trueness. This trueness is transferred to the game of baseball, besides. Unlike American baseball, participants and directors are loyal to their squad and organisation. American baseball is all about free agents and trades and how much the person can acquire. One of Nipponese baseball’s features is for the participants to believe of squad foremost. Merely selected American participants are allowed to play in the Nipponese conferences. â€Å"The Nipponese enroll the Americans with serious attending paid to personal character and personality traits† ( pg. 47 ) . Most Americans can non understand the Nipponese civilization. Their civilization consists of things such as difficult work, trueness, teamwork and coherence. These people have their ain separate positions on different things ; but these positions are # 8216 ; put on the dorsum burner # 8217 ; when work begins. American civilization is really different to this civilization because of the many different people that live in the United States. The teamwork doctrine is non prevailing in the work universe. In American baseball, the single seeks the most he can acquire out of a deal-salary, holdouts, etc. # 8220 ; In Nipponese baseball, making your ain thing is strongly stigmatized-salary differences, inquiring for single freedoms from squad policies, pique fits, moodiness, kicking clubhouse attorneies, assailing the umpire, knocking the director, mouthing-off to the media, bad-mouthing teammates, misdemeanor of preparation regulations, fist battles, and ad nauseam # 8221 ; ( pg. 49 ) . In our society, the aforesaid Acts of the Apostless are about indispensable to American baseball. Although people complain about contracts and irreverent behaviour, these things are what maintain the athletics interesting to the American populace. As you can see, civilization and people # 8217 ; s values greatly affect the athleticss that are played in a certain civilisation. The respectful, quiet, and difficult working society of Japan influence Japanese baseball merely every bit much as the individualised and lazy society of America influence American baseball.